Judith and Holofernes
朱迪斯是历代欧洲艺术家所喜爱的角色，有着大量相关的绘画、雕塑、戏剧作品，主要描述为以色列女英雄，斩下敌军元帅首级的情节为主。从文艺复兴时代到20世纪的各种艺术形式，都曾以这个故事为题材创作了大量艺术作品。《圣经》的“朱迪斯记”（ Book of Judith）记载的主要几个故事人物如下：
1.Nebuchadnezzar’s War (1-7:32) There is a military struggle underway, with the Persian forces invading the states to the west of its borders. Nebuchadnezzar’s army, led by Holofernes, besieges the hilltop town of Bethulia. The townspeople think that God has abandoned them, and beg their leaders to surrender. Playing for time, the leading citizen Uzziah suggests they pray, asking God for a further five days. If God does not deliver them in this time, they will surrender.
2.Judith and the Elders (8:1-9.14) The beautiful and respected Judith, a wealthy widow of Bethulia, confronts the town leaders. Their plan, she says, is not the right course of action. She herself has a secret plan, which she begins to put into action: she grooms herself so that she is alluringly beautiful, then leaves the city during the night.
3.Judith and Holofernes. Judith meets and bowls over the enemy general, Holofernes. He plans to seduce her, but she turns the tables on him.She waits until he is drunk and sleeping, then she kills him by hacking off his head as he lies in a drunken stupor.
4.Aftermath, and the Song of Judith. She and her faithful maid take the head back to Bethulia, and hangs it on the outer walls of the town. When the enemy troops realize they have lost their leader they panic, and are easy prey for the Israelite troops. Judith has saved her people, and is hailed as a national heroine.
在文艺复兴时代，朱迪斯成为大量艺术家讴歌和赞颂的主要对象之一。波蒂切利、安德烈亚•曼特尼亚和乔尔乔内都创作过这一题材的作品，然而他们都不约而同地选取了朱迪斯砍下霍洛芬斯头颅归来后的场景。这样的处理手法着重于表现朱迪斯的凯旋而归，视觉效果上古典庄严，在图示上接近“大卫勇战巨人歌利亚”。早期文艺复兴大师多纳泰罗注重自然主义，他的《朱迪斯砍下霍洛芬斯的头颅》在刻画上较为平实，场景选择在了砍头之前的瞬间，然而朱迪斯的力量和意志的表现力较卡拉瓦乔明显不足。卡拉瓦乔作《朱迪斯砍下霍洛芬斯的头颅》，反映了典型的卡拉瓦乔式画风：强烈的明暗变化、充满血腥暴力的戏剧性、令人侧目的写实主义手法。深黑色的背景中只有红色幕帘烘托出恢弘的史诗气氛，与前景处身穿白色上衣的朱迪斯形成鲜明对比，使得观众的目光直接凝聚在主人公的表情和动作上。卡拉瓦乔在情节选择上也独树一帜：他把画面定格在了最为血腥的，也最具视觉冲击力的砍下头颅的瞬间。文艺复兴后期，艺术家甚至进一步世俗化朱迪斯，把她刻画成秀色可餐的美女，而霍洛芬斯的头颅仅作装饰之用，视觉上趋向暧昧。
参考文献：
https://site.douban.com/109824/widget/notes/245567/note/108070651/
https://www.womeninthebible.net/women-bible-old-new-testaments/judith/
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?src=3×tamp=1497527905&ver=1&signature=v-sTEKtMIGVEj7aihCeZWqu-yMgQqvTiC3CZkNAx3svkVPxmSs8o0znsOPvyGuswKmNXsuBQhKhMM9RBeN18dCMi8F-o-fScKvGMTn8gly70OOWPRkGvFkpyDO7qZMfHBgJWU1fiTUoaX6kg3ckT59233Pu5oBuCBNe5-UBgnIA=
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